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- ALL IS TRUE (HENRY VIII)
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- Background
- When Shakespeare's history plays were gathered together in the 1623 Folio,
- seven years after he died, they were printed in the order of their historical
- events, each with a title naming the king in whose reign those events occurred.
- No one supposes that this is the order in which Shakespeare wrote them; and
- the Folio titles are demonstrably not, in all cases, those by which the plays were
- originally known. The three concerned with the reign of Henry VI are listed in
- the Folio, simply and unappealingly, as the First, Second, and Third Parts of
- King Henry the Sixth, and these are the names by which they have continued to
- be known. Versions of the Second and Third had appeared long before the
- Folio, in 1594 and 1595; their head titles read The First Part of the Contention
- of the two Famous Houses of York and Lancaster with the Death of the Good
- Duke Humphrey and The True Tragedy of Richard, Duke of York, and the Good
- King Henry the Sixth. These are, presumably, full versions of the plays' original
- titles, and we revert to them in preference to the Folio's historical listing.
-
- A variety of internal evidence suggests that the Folio's Part One was composed
- after The First Part of the Contention and Richard, Duke of York, so we depart
- from the Folio order, though a reader wishing to read the plays in their narrative
- sequence will read Henry VI, Part One before the other two plays. The dates of
- all three are uncertain, but Part One is alluded to in 1592, when it was probably
- new. The First Part of the Contention probably belongs to 1590-1.
-
- The play draws extensively on English chronicle history for its portrayal of the
- troubled state of England under Henry VI (1421-71). It dramatizes the
- touchingly weak King's powerlessness against the machinations of his nobles,
- especially Richard, Duke of York, himself ambitious for the throne. Richard
- engineers the Kentish rebellion, led by Jack Cade, which provides some of the
- play's liveliest episodes; and at the play's end Richard seems poised to take the
- throne.
-
- Historical events of ten years (1445-55) are dramatized with comparative
- fidelity within a coherent structure that offers a wide variety of theatrical
- entertainment. Though the play employs old-fashioned conventions of language
- (particularly the recurrent classical references) and of dramaturgy (such as the
- horrors of severed heads), its bold characterization, its fundamentally serious
- but often ironically comic presentation of moral and political issues, the
- powerful rhetoric of its verse, and the vivid immediacy of its prose have proved
- highly effective in its rare modern revivals.
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-
- THE PERSONS OF THE PLAY
-
- PROLOGUE
-
- KING HENRYthe Eighth
- Duke of BUCKINGHAM
- Lord ABERGAVENNY }
- Earl of SURREY } his sons-in-law
- Duke of NORFOLK
- Duke of SUFFOLK
- LORD CHAMBERLAIN
- LORD CHANCELLOR
- Lord SANDS(also called Sir William Sands)
- Sir Thomas LOVELL
- Sir Anthony DENNY
- Sir Henry GUILDFORD
-
- CARDINAL WOLSEY
- Two SECRETARIES
- Buckingham's SURVEYOR
- CARDINAL CAMPEIUS
- GARDINER, the King's new secretary, later Bishop of Winchester
- His PAGE
- Thomas CROMWELL
- CRANMER, Archbishop of Canterbury
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- QUEEN KATHERINE, later KATHERINE, Princess Dowager
- GRIFFITH, her gentleman usher
- PATIENCE, her waiting-woman
- Other WOMEN
- Six spirits, who dance before Katherine in a vision
- A MESSENGER
- Lord CAPUTIUS
-
- ANNEBoleyn
- An OLD LADY
-
- BRANDON }
- SERJEANT-at-arms } who arrest Buckingham and Abergavenny
- Sir Nicholas VAUX }
- Tipstaves }
- Halberdiers } after Buckingham's arraignment
- Common people }
-
- Two vergers }
- Two SCRIBES }
- Archbishop of Canterbury }
- Bishop of LINCOLN }
- Bishop of Ely }
- Bishop of Rochester } appearing at the Legatine Court
- Bishop of Saint Asaph }
- Two priests }
- Serjeant-at-arms }
- Two noblemen }
- A CRIER }
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- Three GENTLEMEN }
- Two judges }
- Choristers }
- Lord Mayor of London }
- Garter King of Arms } appearing in the Coronation
- Marquis Dorset }
- Four Barons of the Cinque Ports }
- Stokesley, Bishop of London }
- Old Duchess of Norfolk }
- Countesses }
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- A DOOR-KEEPER }
- Doctor BUTTS, the King's physician } at Cranmer's trial
- Pursuivants, pages, footboys, grooms }
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- A PORTER }
- His MAN }
- Two aldermen }
- Lord Mayor of London }
- GARTERKing of Arms }at the Christening
- Six noblemen }
- Old Duchess of Norfolk, godmother }
- The child, Princess Elizabeth }
- Marchioness Dorset, godmother }
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- EPILOGUE
-
- Ladies, gentlemen, a SERVANT, guards, attendants, trumpeters
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- Prologue
-
- (Enter Prologue)
- l1l Prologue I come no more to make you laugh. Things now
- l2l That bear a weighty and a serious brow,
- l3l Sad, high, and working, full of state and woeù
- l4l Such noble scenes as draw the eye to flow
- l5l We now present. Those that can pity here
- l6l May, if they think it well, let fall a tear.
- l7l The subject will deserve it. Such as give
- l8l Their money out of hope they may believe,
- l9l May here find truth, too. Those that come to see
- l10l Only a show or two, and so agree
- l11l The play may pass, if they be still, and willing,
- l12l IÆll undertake may see away their shilling
- l13l Richly in two short hours. Only they
- l14l That come to hear a merry bawdy play,
- l15l A noise of targets, or to see a fellow
- l16l In a long motley coat guarded with yellow,
- l17l Will be deceived. For, gentle hearers, know
- l18l To rank our chosen truth with such a show
- l19l As fool and fight is, beside forfeiting
- l20l Our own brains, and the opinion that we bring
- l21l To make that only true we now intend,
- l22l Will leave us never an understanding friend.
- l23l Therefore, for goodnessÆ sake, and as you are known
- l24l The first and happiest hearers of the town,
- l25l Be sad as we would make ye. Think ye see
- l26l The very persons of our noble story
- l27l As they were living; think you see them great,
- l28l And followed with the general throng and sweat
- l29l Of thousand friends; then, in a moment, see
- l30l How soon this mightiness meets misery.
- l31l And if you can be merry then, IÆll say
- l32l A man may weep upon his wedding day.
- (Exit)
-